2 
  -2022
..  
 
:      :60
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.             
2.             
-
3.             
4.    '      
-
5.               
6.    ,        
2 
-
7.       
8.      
  -2022
..  
 
:      :60
:    -    ,        
             
-
1.             
:   
" "    ''         "- ,
    "    , , -  
        
       


  ,      "   
      ,
      ,           
  "
2 
       
,  , ,   
        (       ), -  (
     ),  -  (   , , )  
  
   :
1.    :    

2.  :, ,     '  
3.  :         

4.   :      -,   
  
5.  :    
,                   
   '    -   
   
   (PE)    
   , ,    
   
  ,         '
        
,  , ,  ,    
    
  ,       ,     
'   ,              
   
       
     
     ,  ,       
 '  
  :
1.  :
         
 ,  
 , 
 
 ,     
         
    
2.  :
2 
    ,          
,          ,     
        
 
3.  :
    ,  ,  ,  ,    
             
  
4.  :
    , ,  ,       

            
5.  :
 
,  ,       -
                
6.   :
     ,      
      
         ,       
     
7.     :
   , , ,       

 ,           
   
         ,        
             :
1.    :
, , ,       
      
2.    :
,  , ,  ,    
 
     
         
3.        :
2 
  ,        
          
4.      :
        
- ,       
5.     :
 - , ,      
-  '     
6.    :
,           
          
 
7.       :
,        
     
8.    :
   ,        
            
:   -     
   , -   ,       
    ,      
    
       ,         ,
           
    ,  ,        
,          ,   
,      
,                  
 
,           '  ,    '
,   ' ,   '     '  
2 
2.             
:   
,   ,           
     ,          
       ,          -   
-             
  :
              , , 
        
  
 :
   
 
   
      
    :
       
,   , ,     
           :
  
 
     
      
   
       '   
      
, 
          
  ?
     ,           
 ,              -  
    
 -       ,      ,
,      
  :
    ( ,  ,    )
    (, -)
2 
  ( , )
    
   
   
    '           -
               
    
   ?
   (PE)              '   
  ,           '    ,
,  ,          
:
     
         ,  ,
    '      
   :
     (, , ,  )
    (, , )
      (  ,  )
 ,      
       
     
   
   ,         
         
  ,        
   
1.       :
          ,      
   ,          
     
,               ,   
    
 
2 
2.        :
           
  
,     
  ,     
 '           
3. -  :
          , , ,    
         ,    
,   
      
4.  :
   
,      ,  ,  ,
                
  ,   PE        
 
5.    :
     ,        
       -       
    ,             
 
6.   :
        ,           
   ,  , ,  ,  ,   , 
        
7.        :
                

  :
          ;  PE   
            
      
 ;         
      
,          
2 

  ,  ,    
      
                
  ,       ,         
                  ;
   
      
 ;      
    
 
  , ,     ,       
                 
  ,          

 
-
3.             
:󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹   
                
   
,        ,       
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:
   1 , 2000  ,   21 , 2025 ,    
25   20  
󼨐󼨑󼨒 :
         
     '   ,    , 
       
  
  ""  ""       ,   


         ,    
   , ,        - 

󷇴󷇵󷇶󷇷󷇸󷇹   
2 
  (          )   
  
                 
         '  ""       , 
          
󹳴󹳵󹳶󹳷:
 25               20    
      ,  25       
 ,   , 
  
,     35    
󼨐󼨑󼨒 :
 ,  , ,        '   
     '      
              
󼩉󼩊󼩋󼩌󼩍      

 
 

     

       
 
 
/ 
 

   
    ' -  


 , , 

     

18   
16  22        
  
󻧀󻧁󻧂󻧃󻧄󻧅󻧆󻧇󻧈󻧉󻧊󻧖󻧗󻧋󻧌󻧍󻧎󻧏󻧐󻧑󻧒󻧘󻧙󻧚󻧓󻧔󻧕   ()
      ,           
       ,           1940
   .  .         ,  
   :
2 

 

             
1.󻝤󻝥󻝦󻝧:   
       ' ,        
               
 
󷃆󼽢 :
   
    
    
 
  /     
 
󷙦󷙧󷙤󷙥󷙨󷙩󷙪󷚔󷙬󷙭󷙯󷙰󷙲󷙳󷙴󷙷󷚕󷚖 :
  '      
           
󽅂:
       
           
󼨐󼨑󼨒 :
       -        
2.󹱊󹱋󹱌󹱍󹱎:  
    '           
          ,     ,   
      
󷃆󼽢 :
    
     
   
     
2 
       
󷢰󷢱󷢲󷣎󷢳󷢴󷢵󷣏󷣐󷢶󷢷󷢸󷢹󷣑󷢺󷢻󷢼󷢽󷢾󷢿󷣀󷣁󷣂󷣃󷣄󷣅󷣆󷣇󷣈󷣉󷣊󷣋󷣒󷣓󷣔󷣌󷣍 :
       
       
  '        
󽅂:
            
             
󼨐󼨑󼨒 :
  ,      ,    
3.󷋮󷋯󷋷󷋰󷋱󷋸󷋲󷋳󷋴󷋵󷋶:   
     ' ,            
,               
󷃆󼽢 :
    
   
 
      
   
󷣜󷣝󷢲󷥌󷢳󷣂󷣃󷣄󷣆󷣇󷣈󷣉󷣊󷣋󷥍󷥎󷥏󷣌󷣍󷣞󷥐󷥑󷣟󷣠󷣡󷥒󷢹󷥓󷢺󷢻󷢾󷢿󷢸󷢷󷢼󷢽 :
        
,          
󽅂:
  
    '    
󼨐󼨑󼨒 :
            
󷃆󹸊󹸋      ?
2 
,   !      '   ,  ,    
         
              
          
             
       
     ,   -  
- 
󼨻󼨼       
  
           
         
      
   -   - 
 
󷃆󼽢
        
   ,          
                
 ,
         '   
            ,     
            
      
  ,             
,      ,           
 -     
,         
4.    '      
: 1.  :     ?
     
 ,   , ,   
 ,    
        , ,   
             


 ,        ,         
     
2 
2. :  
            
      
         -    -      ,  
              
  :
:       , , ,      

:          
:     
      
   '  :
 :
,   ,   ,   ,   ,   
  
      
       -      

:
         '          ,
      (    
)    IQ  
  :
           ,    
  :
, ,    ,          
      
  :
    ,        
              
,     
            
 ,     
             
   
3. : -  
2 
                 
   -, , , ,     
     ,   , ,         
   
  :
    :
   , ,   ,          
  '    
  :
-  ,  ,     , 
  ,     
 :
, ,       -
  
 :
, -,        
  
 :
  ,    ,        
    
   '   :
:
               ' 
  
           
  :
, ,           
  
 :
,        
 
2 
           

  :
,        ,  
     
 :
      ,      
4.   :  
,   
     -   -    ?   
    '  
     :
 A  IQ   
            
        
       


 ''            -  , 
            
  
         ,       
   
5.      
         :
 :
                
 ,      '     ,    
 
 :
             
 ,              
 -       
  :
              
   ,      
 
2 
6.    -  
 :          ( ),   -
       
?     -     
   -        
 :     -       
      ( )   
 , 
,    ()    
7. :   
               ,   
  ,          
 
              


,  ,        ,     
              
         -,  ,   
          
 :




    
    


 , , 
 , , , -
 
?
   
  

  , , IQ

,  , -
2 
-
5.               
: 1.  :       
               , 
    
-          
       ,           
       
   :
,     , , ,     
 -      
              
  
,          ,     
 
  :
 (    '  )
 (),  ( )     
    , -, -,   
,   ,    ,      
  
2.  :   
  ,       (      ) 
,       ,         
 
     (),       
        
 ( )           
        '  
,             ,  
   '         
2 
3.   :  
18
           ,     
               
 ,              
 -    
 :
             
 "   ' " (1835)   ,    ' 
      
       -  
              
 
 :
  ,        (      )  
,         ,     
  
    :
, , ,   
              -
  ,   ,          
YMCA (     )         
      
 ,          
       
          
4.     
-          ,   
               ,
              
    '  
2 
   :
    '  , "
     
   
"      ,        
   
   :
   - ,         

       
,       
    
   :
   ,      ,       
       
        ,      
    
   -       ' 
5.         
1911        (   )  
   
1920-30   -        :
1928 -               
   
     ;   1932 (  )  1936 ()
     
1931          ,      
        
1938      (IOA)        
       
6.        
             
             

2 
     ,  (1920  )  
             
7. :   
1947     ,             
     '       ,   
             ,  

    -         
,   ,
     
         ,    
 -    ,         
           
   :
              
  
               

                

 ,             


  :        
 -    ,    
     
6.    ,        
: SAI  
            ,
        '     
              
2 
     
                 
      :
1.    :
              
           
2.   :
 ,               
   ',          
3.     :
SAI            

      
4.  :
            
 
5.   :
  
    ,     '    
       
6.  :
          -   ,
 , 
     
  SAI               
 
       :
1.       -
      ,         -
                
,   , 
2.    
 -              
             
3.       
SAI     
 :
2 
    (NSTC)
    ( )
   (SAG)
  
               
 
 
4.   
, NSNIS  
  
 ,         
              
 
   
5.     
    (TOPS)   
, SAI     
      ,     
   
6.    
              
     :
  
 


  
7.     
                
               
8.     
             ,
    
,          
 
9.     
                ,
              
2 
SAI   
:  '       ,   
     
  ():SAI   ,     
 :   -   (, , , , )
  SAI       
NSNIS  LNCPE: SAI     ,   ,    
   
SAI    
  ,        :
  2020 ,   7  ,       
       ,   SAI      
            
  ,  ,         
       

                
        
,          
,        
,       
    
          ,     
 SAI 
 -,           '   
, SAI           
 
-
7.       
:   -     ?
 , 19
   ,            
               
2 
    ,  
,  ,         
       ,          , 
 ,   
       1896         
 -         
     13
   241     ,    ,  , ,
    43     
   
       
 -       
   
       
 :
1.  :
1913     ,   - , , ,    - 
 (, , ,   )  
     
           
2.  :
   "  ,  ,  "  -    ", , " 
   2021 , "" ()         
: ", ,  - ,"          
 
3.  :
    , ,       ,    
        ,      
      
4.  :
          ,     
       
   
         ,       
 :
1.    :
         :
2 
 (  )

 
 ()
 


 

 ,    
2.    :
1924       ,          
 :

 
 


 
          -   
,             
   
1896    13  ,           
    , 200       ,         ,
      ,           

         :
1900 ():      
1936 ():      ,  -   
     4   
1960 ():       
1980 ()  1984 ( ):     
2000 ():       '   
   
2 
2021 ( - -19  2020  ):     

   
     1900   ,   -,   
       ,         
, 1928  1980   8   
      :
  -    (, 2008)
,   ,  ,  ,      
       
 2021 ,         ,   
     
  
   ,     :
 :         
     -    
 :        
2010    (14-18   )    
  
    
    :
  -      
  -          

    -      '   , 
         
 -  
               ,
               
2 
 
    
   ,
 ,     
    
      :
"       
    ;    
 
    "
    ,     ,      
 
8.      
:    
     ,  20
       
  , 1913  1938           
    ,         
       
    ,             
      , -     1948  
  ,            
   '  
,    (AGF)   1949   ,   
  1951  
,          
   
  
                 :
1.         
2.        
3.  
   
4.             

5.    
   
2 
  
 ,       (AGF)    , 1982 ,
AGF     ,       (OCA)   
  
  , OCA         
        ,        
      
         
    ,    
   
         :
   ,     , 
          
 -  , , , , , ,     
    
 -        ,       
   '   
 -              

    
1951    11           45        
, ,  , ,        '  
   
       ,   -   2018
   , 11,000     40+     
    
        ,       
:
1.  :  , , ,  , , , ,

2.  :           ,   ,  ,
  
2 
3.     :-  ,   ,    
     
    
      :
1951 (
, ):     11   6    

1982 (
, ):     ;  
  
1994 (, ):            ;
  
2010 (, ):     ,   42   
2018 (-, ):       
 
   
              1951    1982
               :
:  ,  
:  , ..,  
: ,   
:         
: ,   
       10    
       
    ,    :
1.    -   
2.    - ,      
' ,           
   
    
 :
2 
 -      '   
  
 --       

   
   -  ,  
    
   
 -           
   -      
    

    
   ,        :
  -       
 -    ,   -   
 
-              
 ,      -  ,  ,  -  
       ,         

:     
       
;     , 
    
        , 
 ,      
     ,        
,      ,         
,           
"               

       ,         "